Columnar Sheets

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An Introduction to tropical environments in the Ocean

The structure of corals and their symbiotic association with zooxanthellae.

Corals belong to the phylum Cnidaria and class Anthozoa. The main points to include in a debate on the structure of the corals are as follows:
i) corals are polyps ie have the structure of a polyp with a cavity and tentacles.ii gastrovascular) corals have external skeleton of calcium carbonate secreted by the coral polyp.iii) coral polyps have a basal plate and a road connection calcium.iv) Some species have stinging nematocysts.v) corals can be divided into two main groups scleractinian (stone) and octocorals (soft corals) briefly take each group in turn to discuss the structural details of the corals. Stony corals are usually higher on the reef and may be lower growth in the colonies and other higher or branches, like the staghorn coral. Stony corals may be as follows: plate mass foliated, encrusting, columnar or branching. Soft corals are more common in the depth and include sea pens, sea fans and whip the sea. They can grow to over 2 meters high. Most reef corals have a symbiotic relationship with dinoflagellates called zooxanthellae that live within the polyps. Zooxanthellae exchange of products of photosynthesis products of metabolism. Basically, a coral can obtain 50% of their food from the zooxanthellae but instead of the zooxanthellae receive nitrogenous wastes and protection.

Where are the coral in the world and what are the limiting factors of growth? Discuss the threats facing corals.

Corals require a narrow temperature range in order to prosper more corals grow between the isotherm 20 degrees centigrade. In the broadest sense, the corals are found in a wide band across the tropics with extensions where warm water currents eg west and east coasts of Australia. Again, in a broad sense, coral reefs are in three main areas, such as the Caribbean including the Bahamas and the Keys Florida, Red Sea and Indian Ocean and Indo-western Pacific. However, there are many variants of this model … for example, on the west coast of Africa, the current cold Benguela, prevents the formation of much coral.
There are six main limiting growth factor 1) Temperature as indicated above. Most of corals prefer temperatures of 23 -25 degrees Celsius. Cold currents prevent the growth of coral. 2) Depth. Corals do not really grow below 50 to 100 meters below the surface and this is mainly related to the following point 3) Light is necessary for the production of zooxanthellae. These are the limiting factor in the distribution of corals in shallow, warm. 4) The salinity is another factor limiting the growth of coral. When fresh water is run-off, for example, can not succeed. for example, the mouth of the Amazon 5) The deposition also influences the growth of coral in the form of sediment can clog feeding structures and sunlight limit.

Last appearance in the air several times to kill coral manner where changes in sea levels and corals that are exposed will be limited.
The above are some of the threats facing coral, but also if we consider for a moment that there are other threats such as global warming effect the level sea, pollution from human activities, increased runoff or toxic run offs, marine development (dredging, coral mining) disturbing and excess nutrients from wastewater. In some cases, a species destroys large areas of reefs in the crown of thorns, for example, always the star sea, fish box and storage of fish. Corals can also be aggressive with other species of corals, for example of elkhorn coral in the Atlantic. Extreme weather is also a threat, such as El Niño, but the storms also open up new areas for corals. Bleaching events in which zooxanthellae leave the coral due to high levels UV radiation can be caused by the degradation of the layer of ozone. These are the main threats to corals and the frequency with which they can work together.

How coral atolls and discuss how zoning on the reef.

The best explanation of the formation coral atoll of Darwin arrived in 1842 and is still widely accepted today. Here the coral grows on the slopes of a volcano emerging or when levels drop sea around existing land mass. Corals are growing around the earth as sinks or sea level rise, growing up to stay in zooxanthellae light for photosynthesis. Finally, can form a central lagoon surrounded by atolls.
In regard to the zonation of the reefs in general, major areas are:
Back Reef. This is near the shore in the protected part of the reef and contains perhaps a few rocky reefs, possibly at the edges of mangroves, seagrass and a narrow lagoon. This is a shallow area and protected from wave action, but the movement of water can be limited so coral growth can be limited as a result.

Reef Crest. This is located on the outer reef with its base marked by the line of breaking waves. Embedding coral dominated here, where a wave action and some exposure to air. Also in the formation of coral may be restricted by the reef sediment back.

Breakwater area. Here, as its name implies. no wave action so, the corals have to be tough to resist this Acropora palmata, for example. This area is located by the sea of the reef crest.

The slope towards the sea. extends from the low tide mark to deep waters. The top 25 m are dominated by large corals. 30 to 40 feet for example soft corals, gorgonian sea fan predominate.
All areas are modified by the depth of the sea, wave action and exposure.

Several species associated with coral reefs.

There are literally thousands of species associated with coral reefs. The figures alone illustrate the importance of coral reefs. From the coral itself, more than 1,000 Hermatypic species or the formation of coral reefs with a center of diversity in the Indo West Pacific. There are over 500 species of reef fish in the Bahamas, 1,500 in the Great Barrier Reef and 4,000 in the Philippines.Even vegetation is influenced by the presence of reefs with over 35 species of mangroves in the western Pacific only Indus. The number of species vary from place perhaps the greatest center of diversity focused on the Indo West Pacific to the Atlantic with the fewest species.
Several species associated with coral reefs include representatives of all phyla and classes. This is only a small cross, among the invertebrates we
For example, Porifera spongesEchinoderms eg starfish and urchinsMolluscs for example, limpets, snails, crabs clamsArthropods for example, lobsters and shrimp

Vertebrates are represented by many species of fish (some estimates claim up to 25% of fish species) and reef fish as dedicated cardinal fish, barracuda, snappers, parrot fish, groupers, reef sharks and white tip reef sharks in the Caribbean. Reptiles as hawksbill turtles also visit reefs. The great diversity of habitat and nutrition lead to proliferation of species associated with coral reef coral species at the feeders crest bottom feeders feeders during the day to night, from simple life forms incredibly complex and specialized. As mentioned earlier there is enormous variation in the species associated with coral reefs, both within the reef areas themselves and reefs in various locations around the world.

Dr. Simon Harding

www.chronosconsulting.com

www.coberongreen.com

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